Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Before Writing the Review zt
- Before
To which manuscript category does this manuscript, best conform?
Are there any potential biases in reviewing this manuscript?
Does the manuscript address an important problem?
Has the manuscript been previously published?
- The Abstract
Does the Abstract appropriately summarize the manuscript?
Are there discrepancies between the Abstract and the remainder of the manuscript?
Can the Abstract be understood without reading the manuscript?
- The Introduction
Is the Introduction concise?
Is the purpose of the study clearly defined?
Do the authors provide a rationale for performing the study based on a review of the medical literature? If so, is it of the appropriate length?
Do the authors define terms used in the remainder of the manuscript?
If this manuscript is Original Research, is there a well-defined hypothesis?
- The Methods Section
Could another investigator reproduce the study using the methods as outlined or are the methods unclear?
Do the authors justify any choices available to them in their study design (e.g., choices of imaging techniques, analytic tools, or statistical methods)?
If the authors have stated a hypothesis, have they designed methods that could reasonably allow their hypothesis to be tested?
- The Results Section
Are the results clearly explained?
Does the order of presentation of the results parallel the order of presentation of the methods?
Are the results reasonable and expected, or are they unexpected?
Are there results that are introduced that are not preceded by an appropriate discussion in the Methods section - The Discussion Section
Is the discussion concise? If not, how should it be shortened?
If a hypothesis was proposed, do the authors state whether it was verified or falsified? Alternatively, if no hypothesis was proposed, do the authors state whether their research question was answered?
Are the authors' conclusions justified by the results found in the study?
If there are unexpected results, do the authors adequately account for them?
Do the authors note limitations of the study? Are there additional limitations that should be noted? - Figures and Graphs
Are the figures and graphs appropriate and are they appropriately labeled? Would a different figure better illustrate the findings?
Do the figures and graphs adequately show the important results?
Do arrows need to be added to depict important or subtle findings?
Do the figure legends provide a clear explanation that allows the figures and graphs to be understood without referring to the remainder of the manuscript?
- Tables
If there are tables, do they appropriately describe the results? Should one or more tables be added? - The References Section
Does the reference list follow the format for the journal?
Does the reference list contain errors?
Have the authors appropriately represented the salient points in the articles in the reference list? Alternatively, have the authors misquoted the references?
Are there important references that are not mentioned that should be noted?
Are there more references than are necessary?
- Summary Opinion
The reviewer should provide a short paragraph that summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the manuscript. The actual Recommendation (e.g., recommend to Accept, Accept Pending Revisions, Reconsider After Major Revisions, or Reject) should not be stated in this paragraph, which is sent to the authors, but should be indicated separately in the drop-down list. It may also be stated in the separate box called "Confidential Note to the Editor." However, the overall tenor of this paragraph should support the reviewer's recommendation.
Thursday, August 12, 2010
在北美参加宴会的着装规则
http://web.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=na_best&MsgID=24376
北美的宴会或舞会,请贴上一般都会注明着装要求(Dress Code),分以下几种情况:
一,White Tie或者说是Ultra-formal
这是最最正式的场合,什么授勋仪式、宫廷晚宴之类的,我们平常百姓大概一辈子也碰不上一次。男士要穿燕尾服(tailcoat),配套的是白色马甲,白色衬衫,白色领结。裤子两侧有两道笔直的竖条。裤子不用皮带用吊带。
女士要穿大裙摆的长晚礼服。
二,Black Tie或者说是Formal
这是最常见的正规着装要求,男士要穿晚礼服(Tuxedo),前襟领子是黑缎面的,配白衬衫,黑领结,黑腰带,黑袜子,黑鞋。裤子两侧夹缝有和领子同面料的黑缎夹条。如果一年赶上那么一次半次的,可以去租全套设备回来用,省心省力。
女士穿晚礼服(Evening gown),低胸露肩的那种,相配的小包和鞋子。项链、耳环等首饰的真假无所谓,但是要闪亮,戴手镯而不是手表。
妆要浓一些,俺看到许多知识分子同胞在宴会场所化淡妆或者根本不化妆,那脸在灯光下惨淡的没法看,而且不化妆是十分失礼的一件事,比穿了不合适服装还要让人不舒服。
中国女士可用面料好的剪裁得体的旗袍或改良旗袍代替晚礼服,穿旗袍时,头发挽起来配上头饰效果会比清汤挂面好很多。
三,Black Tie Optional 或者是Creative Black Tie,
男士可以穿Tuxedo或正式的深色圆摆西装,可以不打领结换成打领带,衬衫最好是白色的,
女士可以是晚礼服、不拖地的四分之三长礼服或者是考究的晚宴两件套(dressy separates),配备参考Formal。
四,Semi-formal
男士:深色西服
女士:短礼服、考究的套装
五,Cocktail
鸡尾酒会一般在下午4点到7点举行,属于半正式着装,(Semi-formal)男士穿深色西装,女士穿短裙或套装,长度和白天服装相同,但用料要讲究,天鹅绒、丝绸缎子之类的,颜色要比白天的服装明亮,华贵,配上闪亮的首饰,可搭配围巾。要穿高跟鞋。
妆比白天要浓。
六,Dressy Casual
男士:比较讲究一点的便装,像西装上衣配休闲裤,衬衣休闲西裤等。
女士:连衣裙,漂亮上衣配裤子,毛衣配裙子等可以自由发挥。
七,Business Casual
比Dressy Casual 再随便一些,但是不能穿牛仔裤。
八,Casual 或Informal
这种说法意味着可以随便穿,但是短裤、凉鞋还是要避免,当然你也不要西装革履的。
有时越随便的穿着,越能看出人的品味,不能掉以轻心。女士穿一件质地普通的连衣裙肯定比穿牛仔裤雅致。化淡妆。
总的原则,你比别人穿的相对正式一点比穿的随便要好。